what force would oppose or favor the system moving from stage c to d?

Friction is the force that resists motion when the surface of one object comes in contact with the surface of some other. The mechanical advantage of a machine is reduced by friction, or in other words, the ratio of output to input is reduced because of friction. An machine uses i-quarter of its energy on limiting the friction. Yet, information technology is besides friction in the tires that allows the car to stay on the road and friction in the clutch that makes it possible to drive. From matches to machines to molecular structures, friction is one of the most pregnant phenomena in the physical world. In this commodity, let us hash out frictional forcefulness and its different types.

What is Frictional Forcefulness?

Frictional force refers to the force generated past two surfaces that contacts and slide against each other.

A few factors affecting the frictional force:

• These forces are mainly affected by the surface texture and amount of forcefulness impelling them together.
• The angle and position of the object bear upon the amount of frictional strength.
• If an object is placed flat confronting an object, so the frictional force will be equal to the weight of the object.
• If an object is pushed confronting the surface, then the frictional force volition be increased and becomes more than the weight of the object.

Here is an engaging video explaining frictional force in item

Calculating the Strength of Friction

The maximum corporeality of friction strength that a surface can apply upon an object can be easily calculated with the use of the given formula:

To help you calculate the frictional force, here nosotros accept provided methodical steps to follow while calculating the force of friction.

• Notice the Normal Force

The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with another stable object. The normal forcefulness tin be merely described in most cases by the following formula:

N = mg
In this formula, m describes the mass of the object, and thousand stands for the acceleration due to gravity. In case of an inclined surface, the force of the normal surface is reduced the more the surface is inclined, hence the formula becomes: North = mg cos(θ)
θ represents the angle the surface is inclined to. In a simple calculation, you would summate the normal force of a ii-kg block of wood sitting on a surface as N = 2 kg × nine.eight N/kg = xix.6 Due north

• Finding the Correct Co-efficient

The co-efficient that you would choose depends on the object and the specific situation. If the object isn't moving across the surface, yous apply the coefficient of static friction

\(\begin{array}{50}\mu _{static}\end{array} \)

, but if the object nether consideration is moving you apply the coefficient of sliding friction

\(\begin{assortment}{l}\mu _{slide}\end{array} \)

. The type of materials used too affects the co-efficient. For case, if a block woods was on a brick surface, the coefficient would be 0.6, simply if it were on a block of clean wood, it would range from 0.25 to 0.5.

• Calculating Frictional Force

Equally discussed, the formula for frictional force is given by F = μN.

Every bit an example, let united states consider the cake of wood that weighs ii-kg resting on a table to be pushed from remainder. In this case, we consider the static friction co-efficient. 0.5 is the static co-efficient of wood.

With the given details, we tin can summate the normal strength every bit N = 2 kg × 9.8 N/kg = 19.6 N Now that we have the values of normal forcefulness and static friction co-efficient, we can calculate the frictional force as follows:
F = 0.v × 19.6 Due north = 9.8 N

Are at that place Different Types of Frictional Force?

Yes, at that place are unlike types of frictional forces. The friction that takes place between solid surfaces is classified as Static, Kinetic, Rolling, and Sliding Friction . The friction that takes place between fluids and gases are termed as fluid friction. Hence, friction is broadly classified as:

• Dry out Friction
  • Static Friction
  • Kinetic Friction
  • Rolling Friction
  • Sliding Friction
• Fluid Friction

Dry Friction

Dry friction describes the reaction between ii solid bodies in contact when they are in motion (kinetic friction) and when they are not (static friction). Both static and kinetic friction is proportional to the normal force exerted between the solid bodies. The interaction of dissimilar substances is modeled with different coefficients of friction. Past this, we hateful that sure substances have a college resistance to movement than others for the same normal force between them. Each of these values are experimentally determined.
Read about the different types of dry friction, from the links given beneath:

Fluid Friction

Fluid Friction is the force that obstructs the flow of fluid. It is a situation where the fluid provides resistance between the ii surfaces. If both the surfaces offer loftier resistance so information technology is known as high viscous and, mostly, we call them greasy.

Examples of Fluid Friction

1. To avoid creaking sounds from doors, we lubricate the door hinges which leads to the smooth functioning of door hinges.
2. When you drib the ball in a full saucepan of water, h2o splashes out of the bucket and is all because of buoyancy of fluid.

Problems on Frictional Forcefulness

i. A large block of ice is beingness pulled across a frozen lake. The block of ice has a mass of 300 kg. The coefficient of friction between two ice surfaces is small: μ_yard = 0.05. What is the force of friction that is acting on the block of ice?

Solution: On a apartment surface, the normal strength on an object is given past N = mg.
With this, we can find the forcefulness of friction every bit follows:
F_f =μN
F_f =μmg
Substituting the values in the in a higher place equation we get,
F_f =0.05 × 300 kg × nine.8 m/south²
= 147 kg-m/s² or 147 Due north.
The force of friction interim in the opposite direction equally the cake of ice is pulled across the lake is 147 N.

ii. A human has to push his gunkhole on the shore across the mud to get to the h2o. The coefficient of friction between the boat and the mud is given by μ = 0.400. If the boat has a mass of 40 kg, summate the magnitude of the strength of friction acting on the boat.

Solution: On a apartment surface, the normal force on an object is N = mg.
Using this, we tin calculate the force of friction as follows:
F = μN F = μ mg Substituting the values in the equation, we get F = (0.400)(40.0 kg)(9.80 m/s²)
F = 156.viii N
The frictional force acting on the gunkhole is 156.eight N.

Stay tuned with BYJU'S to larn more than near applications of friction, types of forces, and much more.

Get access to engaging video lessons for concept clarity such every bit this video on the basics of friction.

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Source: https://byjus.com/physics/frictional-force/

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